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The z-score The Standard Normal Distribution
Notice that the distribution is perfectly symmetric about 0. If a distribution is normal but not standard, we can convert a value to the Standard normal distribution table by first by finding how many standard deviations away the number is from the mean. The z-score The number of standard deviations from the mean is called the z-score and can be found by the formula x - m Example Find the z-score corresponding to a raw score of 132 from a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. Solution We compute 132 - 100 Example A z-score of 1.7 was found from an observation coming from a normal distribution with mean 14 and standard deviation 3. Find the raw score. Solution We have x - 14 To solve this we just multiply both sides by the denominator 3, (1.7)(3) = x - 14 5.1 = x - 14 x = 19.1 The z-score and Area Often we want to find the probability that a z-score will be less than a given value, greater than a given value, or in between two values. To accomplish this, we use the table from the textbook and a few properties about the normal distribution. Example Find P(z < 2.37) Solution We use the table. Notice the picture on the table has shaded region corresponding to the area to the left (below) a z-score. This is exactly what we want. Below are a few lines of the table.
The columns corresponds to the ones and tenths digits of the z-score and the rows correspond to the hundredths digits. For our problem we want the row 2.3 (from 2.37) and the row .07 (from 2.37). The number in the table that matches this is.9911. Hence P(z < 2.37) = .9911 Example Find P(z > 1.82) Solution In this case, we want the area to the right of 1.82. This is not what is given in the table. We can use the identity P(z > 1.82) = 1 - P(z < 1.82) reading the table gives P(z < 1.82) = .9656 Our answer is P(z > 1.82) = 1 - .9656 = .0344 Example Find P(-1.18 < z < 2.1) Solution Once again, the table does not exactly handle this type of area. However, the area between -1.18 and 2.1 is equal to the area to the left of 2.1 minus the area to the left of -1.18. That is P(-1.18 < z < 2.1) = P(z < 2.1) - P(z < -1.18) To find P(z < 2.1) we rewrite it as P(z < 2.10) and use the table to get P(z < 2.10) = .9821. The table also tells us that Special k for sierra utility 1 0 download free. P(z < -1.18) = .1190 Now subtract to get P(-1.18 < z < 2.1) = .9821 - .1190 = .8631 Falling blocks 3d mac os. e-mail Questions and Suggestions
This guide covers in more detail how one can write their own Firetasks (and return dynamic actions), and assemble those Firetasks into FireWorks and Workflows. This guide will also cover the FWAction object, passing data, and dynamic workflow actions.
A “Hello World Example”¶
If you’d like to see a “Hello World” Example of a custom Firetask, you can go here.
If you are able to run that example and want more details of how to modify and extend it, read on…
Writing a Basic Firetask¶Step 1: Choose existing Firetask(s) or write your own?¶
The first thing you should decide is whether to use an existing Firetask or write your own. FireWorks comes pre-packaged with many “default” Firetasks - in particular, the PyTask allows you to call any Python function. There are also existing Firetasks for running scripts, remotely transferring files, etc. The quickest route to getting something running is to use an existing Firetask, i.e. use the PyTask if you want to run a quick script.
Links to documentation on default Firetasks can be found in the main page under the heading “built-in Firetasks”.
A few reasons to not use the default Firetasks are:
Step 2: Start with a Firetask template and modify it¶
The easiest way to understand a Firetask is to examine an example; for example, here’s one implementation of a task to archive files:
You can copy this code to a new place and make the following modifications in order to write your Firetask:
Step 3: Register your Firetask¶
When FireWorks bootstraps your Firetask from a database definition, it needs to know where to look for Firetasks.
Firetask 3 7 10
First, you need to make sure your Firetask is defined in a file location that can be found by Python, i.e. is within Python’s search path and that you can import your Firetask in a Python shell. If Python cannot import your code (e.g., from the shell), neither can FireWorks. This step usually means either installing the code into your
site-packages directory (where many Python tools install code) or modifying your PYTHONPATH environment variable to include the location of the Firetask. You can see the locations where Python looks for code by typing importsys followed by print(sys.path) . If you are unfamiliar with this topic, some more details about this process can be found here, or try Googling “how does Python find modules?”
Second, you must register your Firetask so that it can be found by the FireWorks software. There are a couple of options for registering your Firetask (you only need to do one of the below):
You are now ready to use your Firetask!
![]() Firetask 3 7 10Dynamic and message-passing Workflows¶
In the previous example, the
run_task method did not return anything, nor does it pass data to downstream Firetasks or FireWorks. Remember that the setting the _pass_job_info key in the Firework spec to True will automatically pass information about the current job to the child job - see reference for more details.
However, one can also return a
FWAction object that performs many powerful actions including dynamic workflows.
Here’s an example of a Firetask implementation that includes dynamic actions via the FWAction object:
We discussed running this example in the Dynamic Workflow tutorial - if you have not gone through that tutorial, we strongly suggest you do so now (it also includes an example of message passing).
Note that this example is slightly different than the previous one:
Other than those differences, the code is the same format as earlier. The dynamicism comes only from the FWAction object; next, we will this object in more detail.
File-passing Workflows¶
In many common types of workflows, you want to pass files from one Firework to the next. For example, the output files generated by one Firework may be used by the next Firework as an input.
FireWorks support two keys -
_files_in and files_out - as a means to specifying the expected input and outputfiles for a Firework. See reference for more details.
An example of such a workflow is given below:
Both
_files_in and _files_out are dicts of {mapped_name: actual_file_name}. If the child Firework has _files_in that intersects with files_out of the parent, these files are automatically copied over and renamed, with gzip,bzip2 compression being handled transparently. In the above example, fw1 generates a file called test1 , whichis available in _files_out under the name fwtest1 . The files_in of fw2 contains fwtest1 , which means thatthe file test1 is being copied to the launch directory of fw2 and renamed as hello . The same concept appliesto fw2 and fw3, though in this case, the gzipped file of fw2 is moved to the launch directory of fw3, ungzipped andmade available as fwtest.2 . Note that the mapped names must conform to MongoDB rules, i.e., no “.” and “$” cannot bethe first character. There are no restrictions on the actual file name.
This framework completely decouples the input and output file names between linked Fireworks for flexibility, and alsomakes it easier for most Fireworks to make use of compression where necessary to reduce storage requirements withoutrequiring child fireworks to implement complex logic for handling compressed files. The FW spec also becomes acomplete definition of expected input and output files, a very common use case in many sophisticated workflows.
The FWAction object¶
A Firetask (or a function called by PyTask) can return a FWAction object that can perform many powerful actions. Note that the FWAction is stored in the FW database after execution, so you can always go back and see what actions were returned by different Firetasks. A diagram of the different FWActions is below:
The parameters of FWAction are as follows:
The FWAction thereby allows you to command the workflow programmatically, allowing for the design of intelligent workflows that react dynamically to results.
Appendix 1: accessing the LaunchPad within the Firetask¶
It is generally not good practice to use the LaunchPad within the Firetask because this makes the task specification less explicit. For example, this could make duplicate checking more problematic. However, if you really need to access the LaunchPad within a Firetask, you can set the
_add_launchpad_and_fw_id key of the Firework spec to be True. Then, your tasks will be able to access two new variables, launchpad (a LaunchPad object) and fw_id (an int), as members of your Firetask. One example is shown in the unit test test_add_lp_and_fw_id() .
Appendix 2: alternate ways to identify the Firetask and changing the identification¶
Other than explicitly defining a
_fw_name parameter, there are two alternate ways to identify the Firetask:
In both cases of removing
_fw_name , there is still a workaround if you refactor your code. The FW config has a parameter called FW_NAME_UPDATES that allows one to map old names to new ones via a dictionary of {<old name>:<new name>}. This method also works if you need to change your _fw_name for any reason.
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